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Module - V Indo-Pakistan War 1947-1948

Major Wars Post
defeat the Pakistanis. By 22 November 1947 all areas upto Kargil were free of the
Independence
invaders. At this time Colonel Sher Jung Thapa defended Skardu. He defeated all
attacks by the enemy for one long year without any additional troops or ammunition.
Finally he had to surrender to the Pakistanis as no reinforcement could be provided to
him and Skardu is now in Pak occupied Kashmir (POK).

Note Intext Questions 16.3

1. On a map of India mark the following:

(a) Zoji La
(b) Kargil, Dras and Matayin.

2. What was the name of the operation for the liberation of Kargil in the year
1948?

The Ceasefire

The Kashmir dispute was referred to the U.N. on the advice of Lord Mountbatten by
the then Prime Minster, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru. In December 1947, India had
complainend with ledged the United Nations Organisation about the attack on Kashmir,
by regular and irregular troops from across Pakistan. In the early stages Pakistan kept
denying that her troops were involved in the fighting, and was saying that it was a
revolt by the local tribes; later on, however, Pakistan accepted her direct involvement.
The United Nations Security Council, by a resolution of 13th August 1948, called for
an immediate cease-fire between the two sides and for setting up of a commission to
supervise the cease-fire. Both sides agreed to the cease-fire and it came into being on
1st January 1949. And a commission known as United Nations Commission for India
and Pakistan (UNCIP) was set up to supervise the ceasefire. United Nations Military
Observers Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was made responsible to ensure
that either side did not violate the ceasefire line.

16.3 Annexation of Hyderabad

British India consisted of Princely States and Provinces. About 60 percentage of the
Indian subcontinent's territory were provinces and 40 percentages were Princely States.
Provinces were British territories completely under British control while the Princely
states were states in British India with local rulers or kings with honorary titles like
Maharaja, Raja, Maharana, Rana, Nizam etc. Among these Hyderabad was one of
the princely states ruled by Nizam in South India.

1) Hyderabad was a multilingual state with people speaking Telugu, Marathi,
Kannada and Urdu. It consisted of present-day Telangana, Karnataka,

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MILITARY HISTORY